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| 1547 |
| | | John Knox is captured in St Andrews and is sent to serve in the French fleet as a galley slave | |
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| 1555 |
| | | The Protestant martyrs, though few in number, ensure the reputation of Bloody Mary in English history | |
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| 1567 |
| | | The duke of Alba introduces a reign of terror in the Spanish Netherlands, by means of a tribunal known as the Council of Blood | |
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| 1572 |
| | | A massacre of French Protestants, known as the Huguenots, begins in Paris on St Bartholomew's Day | |
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| c. 1585 |
| | | Catholics are now the martyrs in England, their numbers almost matching the Protestant martyrs of the previous reign | |
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| 1608 |
| | | A shipload of Puritans, among them some of the future Pilgrim Fathers, sail from Boston in Lincolnshire to seek religious freedom in Holland | |
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| 1628 |
| | | The English parliament's Petition of Right emphasizes the right of the citizen to be protected from royal tyranny | |
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| 1632 |
| | | The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture | |
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| 1632 |
| | | Shah Jahan orders that all recently built Hindu temples shall be destroyed, ending the Mughal tradition of religious tolerance | |
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| 1661 |
| | | The Cavalier Parliament begins to pass a series of acts, known as the Clarendon Code, containing punitive measures against Presbyterians | |
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